Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Stop | b | t d | k | ʔ | |||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ||||
| Fricative | v f | z s | ʒ ʃ | ɣ | h | ||
| Approximant | j | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ʎ |
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
Vowel inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u uː |
| High-mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ʌ | |
| Low | aː a |
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | No affix man
|
No affix woman
|
| Plural | Prefix e- men
|
If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kaː- women
|
| Definite | the
|
| Indefinite | a, some
|
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:
| 1st singular | I, me, mine
|
| 2nd singular | you, yours
|
| 3rd singular masc | he, him, his, it, its
|
| 3rd singular fem | she, her, hers, it, its
|
| 1st plural | we, us, ours
|
| 2nd plural | you all, yours (pl)
|
| 3rd plural masc | they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
|
| 3rd plural fem | they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
|
| 1st singular | my
|
| 2nd singular | your
|
| 3rd singular masc | his
|
| 3rd singular fem | her
|
| 1st plural | our
|
| 2nd plural | your (pl)
|
| 3rd plural masc | their (masc)
|
| 3rd plural fem | their (fem)
|
| Present | No affix learn
|
| Past | If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lo- learned
|
Dûdshûyʻupian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
| Future | Particle before the verb: toː - will learn
|
| Imperfective | Prefix di- learns/is learning
|
Dûdshûyʻupian has a base-10 number system:
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
11 -
100 -
101 -
200 -
1000 -
Adjective → adverb = Prefix bə-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix dɨ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix du-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix i-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix di-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jɛ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jo-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix tu-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʒ-
Else: Prefix ʒi-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix du-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix i-
Diminutive = Prefix ʌ-
Augmentative = Prefix ʃɨ-
Key: